1、沼氣質(zhì)量
1. Biogas quality
利用沼氣發(fā)電，滿足沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組對(duì)沼氣質(zhì)量的要求，《中大功率沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組》(GBT29488-2003)、《沼氣電站技術(shù)規(guī)范》(NY/T1704-2009)對(duì)沼氣質(zhì)量的要求如下。
To use biogas for power generation, the first step is to meet the requirements of biogas power generation units for biogas quality. The requirements for biogas quality in the "Medium and High Power biogas power generation units" (GBT29488-2003) and "Technical Specifications for biogas power plants" (NY/T1704-2009) are as follows.
(1) 沼氣低位發(fā)熱值≥14MJ/Nm，相當(dāng)于沼氣中甲烷體積分?jǐn)?shù)不小于30%。沼氣中甲烷在30s內(nèi)的體積分?jǐn)?shù)變化率不應(yīng)超過2%，機(jī)組連續(xù)運(yùn)行期間沼氣中甲烷體積分?jǐn)?shù)變化率不超過5%。
(1) The low calorific value of biogas is ≥ 14MJ/Nm, which is equivalent to a methane volume fraction of no less than 30% in biogas. The change rate of methane volume fraction in biogas within 30 seconds should not exceed 2%, and the change rate of methane volume fraction in biogas during continuous operation of the unit should not exceed 5%.
(2) 沼氣溫度不高于50℃。
(2) The temperature of biogas shall not exceed 50 ℃.
(3) 沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組對(duì)沼氣成分的具體要求如下表。
(3) The specific requirements for biogas composition of biogas generator units are shown in the table below.
注：沼氣體積的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參比條件是101.3kPa，20℃；按照沼氣中所含硫成分全部轉(zhuǎn)化為硫化氫計(jì)算。
Note: The standard reference conditions for biogas volume are 101.3kPa, 20 ℃; Calculate based on the conversion of all sulfur-containing components in biogas into hydrogen sulfide.
①H2S對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)組的影響
① The impact of H2S on generator sets
沼氣發(fā)電時(shí)沼氣中的H2S會(huì)對(duì)沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的進(jìn)氣管道、增壓器、中冷器、火花塞、氣缸套、排氣管和消音器等造成嚴(yán)重腐蝕，從而影響機(jī)組壽命，所以沼氣在進(jìn)入發(fā)電機(jī)組之前必須進(jìn)行沼氣預(yù)處理，將H2S降到機(jī)組允許的范圍內(nèi)才能保證機(jī)組的可靠運(yùn)行。
During biogas power generation, H2S in biogas will cause serious corrosion to the intake pipe, supercharger, intercooler, spark plug, cylinder liner, exhaust pipe and silencer of the biogas generator set, thus affecting the service life of the unit. Therefore, biogas must be pretreated before entering the generator set, and the reliable operation of the unit can be ensured only by reducing H2S to the allowable range of the unit.

②水分對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)組的影響
② The impact of moisture on generator sets
沼氣發(fā)電過程中，沼氣水分含量過大，會(huì)導(dǎo)致發(fā)電機(jī)組的進(jìn)氣壓力損耗過大，嚴(yán)重情況下，會(huì)引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率波動(dòng)、敲缸、停機(jī)等問題，嚴(yán)重地影響其使用壽命。其具體表現(xiàn)為：
In the process of biogas power generation, excessive moisture content in biogas can lead to excessive loss of intake pressure of the generator set. In severe cases, it can cause problems such as engine power fluctuations, cylinder knocking, and shutdown, seriously affecting its service life. Its specific manifestation is:
(a)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)點(diǎn)火困難；
(a) Difficulty in engine ignition;
(b)降低燃燒室溫度，降低內(nèi)燃機(jī)效率；
(b) Reduce the temperature of the combustion chamber and reduce the efficiency of the internal combustion engine;
(c)水蒸氣等無功氣體的存在，會(huì)增壓和增大功耗；
(c) The presence of reactive gases such as water vapor can increase pressure and power consumption;
(d)水蒸氣與其他酸性物質(zhì)化合產(chǎn)生的中間產(chǎn)物，會(huì)對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)組產(chǎn)生腐蝕，縮短使用壽命，降低可靠性。
(d) The intermediate products produced by the combination of water vapor and other acidic substances can corrode the generator set, shorten its service life, and reduce its reliability.
③粉塵對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)組的影響
③ The impact of dust on generator sets
粉塵是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)明確限制的雜質(zhì)，它主要影響在于：
Dust is a clearly restricted impurity in engines, and its main impact is:
(a)堵塞管路，流通不暢，加大壓損，增加運(yùn)行費(fèi)用；
(a) Blocking the pipeline, poor circulation, increased pressure loss, and increased operating costs;
(b)增大機(jī)械磨損，降低設(shè)備使用壽命。
(b) Increase mechanical wear and reduce equipment service life.
2、沼氣壓力
2. Biogas pressure
沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組在距離機(jī)組燃?xì)庵Ч苠X1m處的沼氣壓力不低于3kPa，當(dāng)供氣壓力低于3kPa時(shí)，應(yīng)配置氣體增壓設(shè)備；當(dāng)供氣壓力超過5kPa時(shí)，則需要增加合適的減壓閥。在沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組運(yùn)行時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)允許的沼氣壓力波動(dòng)一般要小于0.4kPa/s。
The biogas pressure of the biogas generator set at a distance of 1 meter from the gas branch pipe of the unit shall not be less than 3 kPa. When the gas supply pressure is less than 3 kPa, gas boosting equipment shall be equipped; When the gas supply pressure exceeds 5kPa, it is necessary to add a suitable pressure reducing valve. When the biogas generator set is running, the allowable biogas pressure fluctuation of the engine is generally less than 0.4kPa/s.
3、沼氣用量
3. Biogas consumption
沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的沼氣用量應(yīng)根據(jù)發(fā)電機(jī)組的效率和負(fù)荷確定，發(fā)電時(shí)沼氣的供氣量應(yīng)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。在計(jì)算沼氣使用量時(shí)，應(yīng)小于沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)額定功率耗氣量的1.2倍。供氣系統(tǒng)應(yīng)設(shè)有調(diào)節(jié)用氣的設(shè)施和氣體計(jì)量儀表。沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組連續(xù)運(yùn)行時(shí)，儲(chǔ)氣裝置容量應(yīng)按照運(yùn)行機(jī)組總額定功率大于3h的用氣量設(shè)計(jì)。沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組間歇運(yùn)行時(shí)，儲(chǔ)氣裝置容量應(yīng)按照大于間斷發(fā)電時(shí)間的沼氣總量設(shè)計(jì)。
The amount of biogas used in a biogas generator set should be determined based on the efficiency and load of the generator set, and the supply of biogas during power generation should be relatively stable. When calculating the usage of biogas, it should be less than 1.2 times the rated power consumption of the biogas generator. The gas supply system should be equipped with facilities for regulating gas consumption and gas measuring instruments. When the biogas generator unit operates continuously, the capacity of the gas storage device should be designed based on the total rated power of the operating unit exceeding 3 hours of gas consumption. When the biogas generator unit operates intermittently, the capacity of the gas storage device should be designed based on the total amount of biogas greater than the intermittent power generation time.
其中，沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的用氣調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)，一般采用電子調(diào)速系統(tǒng)控制碟門開度來實(shí)現(xiàn)的，調(diào)速系統(tǒng)由轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器、速度控制器、執(zhí)行器和驅(qū)動(dòng)器組成，構(gòu)成閉環(huán)的速度調(diào)節(jié)與控制系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)混合氣體進(jìn)氣量的控制。氣體計(jì)量儀表一般是采用沼氣流量計(jì)，如銳意自控超聲波氣體流量計(jì)BF-3000/BF-3000B，用以實(shí)時(shí)計(jì)量沼氣的瞬時(shí)流量和累計(jì)流量，為計(jì)算沼氣使用量提供科學(xué)的數(shù)據(jù)支撐。
Among them, the gas regulation system of the biogas generator unit is generally achieved by using an electronic speed regulation system to control the opening of the disc door. The speed regulation system consists of a speed sensor, speed controller, actuator, and driver, forming a closed-loop speed regulation and control system to achieve control of the mixed gas intake volume. Gas measuring instruments generally use biogas flow meters, such as the Ruiyi self-control ultrasonic gas flow meter BF-3000/BF-3000B, to measure the instantaneous and cumulative flow of biogas in real-time, providing scientific data support for calculating biogas usage.
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