1. The main functions of the hydraulic system of wind turbines are: ① driving the hydraulic mechanism to work, such as driving the action of the blade tip spoiler in a stall type fixed pitch unit. ② Shafting braking: The following diagram shows a typical hydraulic device of a wind turbine. The coarse filter at the self suction port of the oil pump sucks in hydraulic oil, which is then filtered by the fine filter and sent into the working oil circuit. The pressure of the system is determined by the overflow valve.

2、定槳距風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組的液壓系統(tǒng)：主要介紹其空氣制動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。空氣制動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)是利用空氣的阻力使機(jī)組風(fēng)輪停止運(yùn)行的裝置，也稱為氣動(dòng)剎車機(jī)構(gòu)，它是由安裝在葉尖的氣動(dòng)擾流器通過鋼絲繩與葉片根部液壓油缸的活塞桿相連接構(gòu)成的。葉尖擾流器是這類風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組的主要制動(dòng)器，每次制動(dòng)時(shí)到時(shí)它起主要作用。

2. The hydraulic system of a fixed pitch wind turbine generator set: mainly introduces its air braking mechanism. The air brake mechanism is a device that uses the resistance of air to stop the operation of the wind wheel of the unit, also known as the pneumatic brake mechanism. It is composed of a pneumatic spoiler installed at the blade tip connected to the piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder at the root of the blade through a steel wire rope. The blade tip spoiler is the main brake of this type of wind turbine, and it plays a major role when braking each time.

3、液壓變槳距風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組的液壓系統(tǒng)：系統(tǒng)中的控制元件是比例換向閥。

3. The hydraulic system of hydraulic variable pitch wind turbines: The control component in the system is a proportional directional valve.

①比例控制技術(shù)：比例控制技術(shù)是在開關(guān)控制技術(shù)和伺服控制技術(shù)間的過渡技術(shù)，它具有控制原理簡(jiǎn)單、控制精度高、價(jià)格適中等特點(diǎn)，應(yīng)用較廣。比例閥是在普通液壓閥基礎(chǔ)上用比例電磁鐵取代普通電磁鐵，控制閥芯的移動(dòng)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)液壓系統(tǒng)壓力、流量、方向的連續(xù)調(diào)節(jié)。采用比例放大器控制比例電磁鐵就可實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)比例閥進(jìn)行連續(xù)控制。A、斜坡發(fā)生器：是為了控制閥芯運(yùn)動(dòng)速度終控制執(zhí)行元件如液壓缸的運(yùn)行速度及加速度而設(shè)置的裝置。

① Proportional control technology: Proportional control technology is a transitional technology between switch control technology and servo control technology. It has the characteristics of simple control principle, high control accuracy, and moderate price, and is widely used. Proportional valve is a type of hydraulic valve that replaces ordinary electromagnets with proportional electromagnets to control the movement of the valve core, thereby achieving continuous adjustment of hydraulic system pressure, flow rate, and direction. By using a proportional amplifier to control the proportional electromagnet, continuous control of the control valve can be achieved. A. Slope generator: It is a device set up to control the movement speed of the valve core and ultimately control the operating speed and acceleration of executing components such as hydraulic cylinders.

②液壓泵站是由液壓泵組、油箱、過濾器等元件組成。液壓泵組包括電動(dòng)機(jī)、液壓泵、管路等元件。油箱內(nèi)的油溫由裝在油箱上部的傳感器（PT100）測(cè)得。

② The hydraulic pump station is composed of hydraulic pump units, oil tanks, filters, and other components. The hydraulic pump group includes components such as electric motors, hydraulic pumps, and pipelines. The oil temperature inside the tank is measured by a sensor (PT100) installed on the top of the tank.

③變距控制系統(tǒng)的節(jié)距控制是通過比例閥來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。緊急順槳的速度由節(jié)流閥控制并限制到約9°/s。

③ The pitch control of the variable pitch control system is achieved through a proportional valve. The speed of emergency feathering is controlled by a throttle valve and limited to approximately 9 °/s.

④飛車試驗(yàn)（此項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)通常只在樣機(jī)開發(fā)階段進(jìn)行）。飛車試驗(yàn)的目的是為了設(shè)定或檢驗(yàn)液壓系統(tǒng)中的突開閥。飛車試驗(yàn)按如下程序試驗(yàn)：a、將所有過轉(zhuǎn)速保護(hù)的設(shè)置值均改為正常設(shè)置值的2倍，以免這些保護(hù)動(dòng)作。b、將發(fā)電機(jī)并網(wǎng)轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)至5000r/min。c、調(diào)整好突開閥后，啟動(dòng)風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組。當(dāng)風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到額定轉(zhuǎn)速的125%時(shí)，突開閥將打開并將氣動(dòng)剎車油缸中的壓力油釋放，從而導(dǎo)致空氣動(dòng)力剎車動(dòng)作，使風(fēng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速迅速降低。d、讀出大風(fēng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速值和風(fēng)速值。e、試驗(yàn)結(jié)果正常時(shí)，將轉(zhuǎn)速設(shè)置改為正常值。

④ Speed test (this test is usually only conducted during the prototype development phase). The purpose of the flying test is to set or verify the sudden opening valve in the hydraulic system. The high-speed test is conducted according to the following procedure: a. Change the setting values of all overspeed protections to twice the normal setting values to prevent these protections from acting first. b. Adjust the grid connected speed of the generator to 5000r/min. c. After adjusting the sudden opening valve, start the wind turbine generator set. When the speed of the wind turbine reaches 125% of the rated speed, the sudden opening valve will open and release the pressure oil in the pneumatic brake cylinder, causing the aerodynamic brake to act, causing the wind turbine speed to rapidly decrease. d. Read the maximum rotor speed and wind speed values. e. When the test results are normal, change the speed setting to the normal value.

⑤變距系統(tǒng)試驗(yàn)。液壓變距系統(tǒng)試驗(yàn)主要是測(cè)試其變距速率，位置反饋信號(hào)與控制電壓的關(guān)系。

⑤ Variable pitch system test. The hydraulic variable pitch system test mainly tests the relationship between its variable pitch rate, position feedback signal, and control voltage.

⑥液壓油:風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)使用的液壓油要求具有良好的黏溫性能、防腐防銹性能及優(yōu)異的低溫性能，以適應(yīng)北方寒冷的氣候。推薦使用黏度指數(shù)高、抗磨性能好、抗腐蝕、抗氧化性能好、空氣釋放性、分水性能以及低溫性能優(yōu)異的液壓油。普通的HM抗磨液壓油低溫性能、黏度指數(shù)等指標(biāo)不能滿足使用要求，應(yīng)該采用PAO（聚α烯烴）合成油為基礎(chǔ)的抗磨液壓油。合成液壓油提供良好的抗磨保護(hù)，高低溫性能以及長(zhǎng)壽命。

⑥ Hydraulic oil: The hydraulic oil used in the hydraulic system of wind turbines requires good viscosity temperature performance, anti-corrosion and rust prevention performance, and excellent low-temperature performance to adapt to the cold climate in the north. It is recommended to use hydraulic oils with high viscosity index, good wear resistance, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, air release, water separation performance, and excellent low-temperature performance. The low temperature performance, viscosity index, and other indicators of ordinary HM anti wear hydraulic oil cannot meet the usage requirements, and PAO (polymer based) should be used instead α Olefin) synthetic oil based anti wear hydraulic oil. Synthetic hydraulic oil provides excellent wear resistance protection, high and low temperature performance, and long service life.

4、液壓油的污染與控制

4. Pollution and Control of Hydraulic Oil

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，由于油液污染引起的故障占總故障的75%以上，可見要保證液壓系統(tǒng)工作靈敏、穩(wěn)定、可靠，就必須控制油液的污染。

According to statistics, faults caused by oil pollution account for over 75% of the total faults, indicating that in order to ensure the sensitivity, stability, and reliability of hydraulic systems, it is necessary to control oil pollution.

①液壓油污染原因：潛伏污染；侵入污染；內(nèi)部生成污染；管理不嚴(yán)。

① Causes of hydraulic oil pollution: latent pollution; Invasive pollution; Internally generated pollution; Lack of strict management.

②液壓油被污染的危害。油液污染會(huì)使系統(tǒng)工靈敏性、穩(wěn)定性和可靠性降低，液壓元件使用壽命縮短。具體表現(xiàn)有：a、污染物使節(jié)流孔口和壓力控制閥的阻尼孔堵塞，引起系統(tǒng)壓力和速度不穩(wěn)定，動(dòng)作不靈敏。b、污染物會(huì)導(dǎo)致液壓元件磨損加劇，內(nèi)泄漏增大，使用壽命縮短。c、污染物會(huì)加速密封件的損壞，使油缸或活塞桿表面拉傷，引起液壓缸內(nèi)泄露增大；d、污染物會(huì)將閥芯卡住，使閥動(dòng)作失靈，引起故障。e、污染物會(huì)將過濾器堵塞，使泵吸油困難，引起空穴現(xiàn)象，導(dǎo)致噪聲增大。f、污染物會(huì)使油液氧化速度加快，潤(rùn)滑性能下降。

② The hazards of hydraulic oil contamination. Oil pollution can reduce the sensitivity, stability, and reliability of the system, and shorten the service life of hydraulic components. The specific manifestations include: a. pollutants cause blockage of the throttle orifice and the damping hole of the pressure control valve, causing unstable system pressure and speed, and insensitive action. b. Contaminants can cause increased wear and tear of hydraulic components, increased internal leakage, and shortened service life. c. Contaminants can accelerate the damage of sealing components, causing damage to the surface of the oil cylinder or piston rod, leading to increased leakage in the hydraulic cylinder; d. Contaminants can jam the valve core, causing the valve to malfunction and cause malfunction. e. Pollutants can clog the filter, making it difficult for the pump to absorb oil, causing cavitation and increasing noise. f. Pollutants can accelerate the oxidation rate of the oil and decrease its lubrication performance.

③控制液壓油污染的措施：a、控制液壓油的工作溫度；b、合理選擇過濾器精度；c、加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理。

③ Measures to control hydraulic oil pollution: a. Control the working temperature of hydraulic oil; b. Reasonable selection of filter accuracy; c. Strengthen on-site management.

⑤加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)管理是防止液壓系統(tǒng)污染的有效措施，主要項(xiàng)目如下：a、建立液壓系統(tǒng)保養(yǎng)制度；b、定期檢查油液的清潔度和對(duì)油液取樣化驗(yàn)；c、在檢查設(shè)備的清潔度時(shí)，應(yīng)同時(shí)檢查液壓系統(tǒng)油液、油箱和過濾器的清潔度，若發(fā)現(xiàn)油液污染超標(biāo)，應(yīng)及時(shí)換油或更換過濾器；d、定期清洗濾芯、油箱和管道及元件內(nèi)部的污物；e、正確處理油液。

⑤ Strengthening on-site management is an effective measure to prevent hydraulic system pollution. The main projects are as follows: a. Establish a hydraulic system maintenance system; b. Regularly check the cleanliness of the oil and sample the oil for testing; c. When checking the cleanliness of the equipment, the cleanliness of the hydraulic system oil, oil tank, and filter should be checked at the same time. If oil pollution exceeds the standard, the oil or filter should be replaced in a timely manner; d. Regularly clean the filter element, oil tank, pipelines, and dirt inside the components; e. Properly handle the oil.

5、液壓系統(tǒng)的檢查和維護(hù)

5. Inspection and maintenance of hydraulic system

1）液壓系統(tǒng)的檢查項(xiàng)目：①液壓閥、液壓缸及管接頭處是否有外泄漏。②液壓泵運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)是否有異常噪聲；③液壓缸全行程移動(dòng)是否正常平穩(wěn)；④液壓系統(tǒng)各測(cè)壓點(diǎn)壓力是否在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)，是否穩(wěn)定。⑤液壓系統(tǒng)中油溫是否在允許范圍內(nèi)。⑥換向閥工作是否靈敏可靠。⑦油箱內(nèi)油量是否在游標(biāo)刻線范圍內(nèi)。8、定期從油箱內(nèi)取樣化驗(yàn)，檢查油液的污染狀況。

1) Inspection items for hydraulic system: ① Check for external leaks at hydraulic valves, hydraulic cylinders, and pipe joints. ② Is there any abnormal noise during the operation of the hydraulic pump? ③ Whether the full stroke movement of the hydraulic cylinder is normal and stable; ④ Is the pressure at each pressure measuring point of the hydraulic system within the specified range and stable? ⑤ Is the oil temperature in the hydraulic system within the allowable range? ⑥ Is the directional valve sensitive and reliable in operation? ⑦ Is the amount of oil in the fuel tank within the range of the vernier scale. 8. Regularly take samples from the fuel tank for testing to check the contamination status of the oil.

2）液壓系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)方法：a、簡(jiǎn)易故障診斷法；b、原理圖分析法；c、液壓閥常見故障的分析和排除方法。液壓閥是用來(lái)控制液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力、流量和方向的元件。液壓閥產(chǎn)生故障的原因通常有：元件選擇不當(dāng)、元件性能不佳、零件加工精度差和裝配質(zhì)量差、彈簧剛度不能滿足要求、密封件質(zhì)量差等；另外還有油液過臟和油溫過高等因素。

2) Maintenance methods for hydraulic systems: a. Simple fault diagnosis method; b. Schematic analysis method; c. Analysis and troubleshooting methods for common faults of hydraulic valves. Hydraulic valves are components used to control the pressure, flow rate, and direction of hydraulic systems. The reasons for hydraulic valve failures usually include: improper component selection, poor component performance, poor machining accuracy and assembly quality of parts, insufficient spring stiffness to meet requirements, and poor quality of sealing components; In addition, there are factors such as dirty oil and high oil temperature.

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